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1.
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1436147

ABSTRACT

Introdução: doenças Cardiovasculares são as principais causas de morte no mundo. Apesar da redução da incidência e mortalidade por DCV no século XX, os valores permanecem elevados no século XXI. No Brasil, há lacuna de estudos populacionais que estimaram as taxas padronizadas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares em adultos jovens.Objetivo: avaliar a tendência da mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares em adultos jovens, segundo sexo, faixa etária e regiões do Brasil.Método: estudo de séries temporais com uso de dados secundários oficiais dos Sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Foram consideradas todas as mortes por doenças cardiovasculares (I00-I-99) em adultos jovens faixa etária 20-49 anos, residentes no Brasil, no período de 01 de janeiro de 2008 a 31 de dezembro de 2017. Os dados foram extraídos do Departamento de Informática do SUS (DATASUS). Foi utilizado o modelo de regressão Prais-Winsten e calculada a Variação Percentual Anual (VPA). Todas as análises foram realizadas no software STATA 14.0.Resultados: durante período 2008-2017, foram identificadas 294.232 mortes (8,7%) por doença cardiovascular em adultos jovens com idade entre 20-49 anos. Identificou-se a redução da mortalidade por DCV em todas as regiões do Brasil, exceto nos indivíduos de 20-24 anos, residentes na região Nordeste, a qual apresentou aumento (VPA: 2,45%) (p<0,05) 2013-2017. A maior variação da tendência de mortalidade ocorreu na região Sul (VPA: -25,2%). Enquanto a menor variação de tendência da mortalidade ocorreu na região Nordeste (VPA: -8,8%). O declínio anual foi menor no segundo quinquênio (2013-2017) em comparação ao primeiro (2008-2012). Além disso, o declínio foi mais acentuado entre as mulheres (VPA: -2,51%) (p<0,05) 2008-2012 e em adultos jovens com idade entre 40-44 anos (VPA: -2,91%) (p<0,05) 2008-2012. Ademais, a tendência de mortalidade por DCV se estabilizou a partir de 2013 no sexo masculino (p>0,05).Conclusão: os resultados demonstram tendência decrescente da mortalidade por Doença Cardiovascular em adultos jovens no Brasil, entre 2008-2017. Conclui-se que existe desigualdade na tendência de mortalidade por DCV segundo sexo, faixa etária e regiões do Brasil.


Introduction: cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death in the world. Despite the reduction in CVD incidence and mortality in the 20th century, the values remain high in the 21st century. In Brazil, there is a gap in population studies that estimated standardized mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases in young adults.Objective: to assess the trend in mortality from cardiovascular diseases in young adults, according to sex, age group and regions of Brazil.Methods: ecological time series study using official secondary data from Mortality Information Systems (SIM). All deaths from cardiovascular diseases (I00-I-99) in young adults aged 20-49 years, residing in Brazil, in the period from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2017, were considered. Data were extracted from the Department of Informatics of the SUS (DATASUS). The Prais-Winsten regression model was used and the Annual Percentage Variation (APV) was calculated. All analyzes were performed in STATA 14.0 software.Results: during the period 2008-2017, 294,232 deaths (8.7%) from cardiovascular disease were identified in young adults aged 20-49 years. A reduction in CVD mortality was identified in all regions of Brazil, except for individuals aged 20-24 years, residing in the Northeast region, which showed an increase (APC: 2.45%) (p<0.05) 2013 -2017. The greatest variation in the mortality trend occurred in the South region (APC: -25.2%). While the smallest change in mortality trend occurred in the Northeast region (APC: -8.8%). The annual decline was smaller in the second quinquennium (2013-2017) compared to the first (2008-2012). Furthermore, the decline was more pronounced among women (APC: -2.51%) (p<0.05) 2008-2012 and in young adults aged 40-44 years (APC: -2.91%) (p<0.05) 2008-2012. Furthermore, the trend in CVD mortality stabilized from 2013 onwards in males (p>0.05).Conclusion: the results demonstrate a decreasing trend in mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in young adults in Brazil, between 2008-2017. It is concluded that there is inequality in the trend of mortality from CVD according to sex, age group and regions of Brazil.

2.
Int. j. cardiovasc. sci. (Impr.) ; 35(2): 230-242, Mar.-Apr. 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1364972

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Objective To provide population-based data on prevalence and factors associated with CVD risk factors. Methods Individuals aged ≥20 years from two editions of the cross-sectional Health Survey of São Paulo focusing on Nutrition (ISA-Nutrition), performed in Sao Paulo city in 2008 (n=590) and 2015 (n=610), were evaluated for: obesity, central obesity, waist/height ratio, high blood pressure (HBP), dyslipidemia, diabetes, and number of CVD risk factors ≥3. Prevalence was estimated according to complex survey procedures. Factors associated with cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using logistic regression, with statistical significance of p<0.05. Results Obesity and older age were associated with higher odds of all cardiovascular risk factors investigated, except for dyslipidemia. HBP was positively associated with being Black/Brown and negatively associated with being physicaly active in leisure time. Women were more likely to have increased adiposity indicators and three or more cardiovascular risk factors than men. Those with higher education had lower chances of having diabetes, HBP and dyslipidemia, and those with higher income had higher chances of having three or more risk factors. Former smokers had higher odds of diabetes, obesity, and high waist/height ratio, and smokers had higher odds of high non-HDL cholesterol levels. From 2008 to 2015, there was an increase (p<0.001) in the prevalence of diabetes (6.9% to 17.3%), HBP (31.9% to 41.8%), dyslipidemia (51.3% to 67.6%), and number of CVD risk factors ≥3 (18.9% to 34.1%). Conclusion This study shows increasing prevalence of CVD risk factors in adult population in Sao Paulo and may support the definition of target groups and priority actions on CVD prevention and treatment.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cardiometabolic Risk Factors , Brazil , Logistic Models , Odds Ratio , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Health Surveys , Morbidity , Age Factors , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Age and Sex Distribution , Dyslipidemias/epidemiology , Waist-Height Ratio , Hypertension/epidemiology , Obesity/epidemiology
3.
Int. j. cardiovasc. sci. (Impr.) ; 34(5,supl.1): 68-77, Nov. 2021. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1346332

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), with and without ST-segment elevation (STEMI and NSTEMI, respectively), is the principal cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in Brazil and around the world. Modifiable risk factors (RF) and quality of life (QOL) may correlate with the type of AMI. Objective To evaluate the influence of QOL and RF on the type of AMI and in-hospital cardiovascular events in STEMI and NSTEMI patients. Methods This was an observational, cross-sectional study. Patients with AMI attending four referral hospitals (three private and one public) for cardiovascular disease treatment were assessed for QOL using the Brazilian version of the 36-item short form survey. A p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results We evaluated 480 volunteers; 51% were treated in one of the private hospitals. In total, 55.6% presented with STEMI, and 44.4% with NSTEMI. Patients from the public hospital were 8.56 times more likely to have STEMI compared to those from the private hospitals. There was a higher prevalence of smokers in STEMI (p < 0.028) patients. QOL was not associated with the type of AMI. A negative patient perception of the physical health and pain domains was observed. Although a significant difference between the physical and the mental health domains was not observed, individual domains were correlated with some in-hospital outcomes. Conclusion There was a higher prevalence of smokers among individuals with STEMI. Domains of QOL showed a statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of in-hospital cardiovascular events, with no difference between the types of AMI.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Quality of Life , Acute Coronary Syndrome/prevention & control , Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/prevention & control , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hospital Mortality , Acute Coronary Syndrome/epidemiology , Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Life Style
4.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 116(6): 1072-1078, Jun. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1278335

ABSTRACT

Resumo Fundamento O ácido úrico , produto final do metabolismo dos nucleotídeos das purinas, participa dos processos de doenças metabólicas e cardiovasculares. Evidências experimentais sugerem que o ácido úrico é um mediador importante na resposta fisiológica ao aumento da pressão arterial. Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre os níveis séricos de AU e pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em uma população chinesa. Métodos Conduziu-se um estudo transversal entre março e setembro de 2017, e 1.138 participantes com idades entre 35 e 75 anos foram incluídos neste estudo, onde 223 normotensos, 316 pré-hipertensos e 599 hipertensos foram selecionados para avaliar a associação entre níveis séricos de AU e hipertensão. Considerou-se um valor de p<0,05 estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Os níveis séricos de AU foram significativamente maiores no grupo pré-hipertensão e hipertensão em comparação com o grupo controle em toda a população (p<0,05 para todos). A análise quantitativa das características indicou níveis séricos de AU (2,92±0,81, 3,06±0,85, 3,22±0,98 mg/d) linearmente aumentados em mulheres normotensas, pré-hipertensas e hipertensas, com um valor de p de 0,008. Os níveis séricos de AU nos quartis correlacionaram-se positivamente com a PAD (p<0,05), principalmente em mulheres. Após o ajuste para idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal (IMC), glicose (GLI), colesterol total (CT), triglicerídeos (TG), colesterol HDL (lipoproteína de alta densidade), as razões de chances ( odds ratios — ORs) e intervalos de confiança (IC) de 95% da pré-hipertensão, dos níveis séricos de AU mais baixos (referentes) aos mais altos foram 1,718 (1,028-2,872), 1,018 (0,627-1,654) e 1,738 (1,003-3,010). Além disso, o segundo quartil dos níveis séricos de AU esteve significativamente associado à hipertensão, com uma OR (IC 95%) de 2,036 (1,256-3,298). Conclusões O presente estudo sugere que níveis séricos mais elevados de AU estão positivamente associados à pré-hipertensão e hipertensão entre adultos chineses.


Abstract Background Uric acid (UA), the end product of purine nucleotide metabolism, participates in the processes of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Experimental evidence suggests it is an important mediator in the physiological response to blood pressure increase. Objective To evaluate the association between serum UA levels and pre-hypertension and hypertension in a Chinese population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September 2017, and 1,138 participants aged 35 to 75 were enrolled in this study, where 223 normotensive, 316 pre-hypertensive, and 599 hypertensive subjects were selected to evaluate the association between serum UA levels and hypertension. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Serum UA levels were significantly higher in the pre-hypertension and hypertension group compared to the control group in the entire population (p<0.05 for all). Quantitative trait analysis indicated that serum UA levels were (2.92±0.81, 3.06±0.85, 3.22±0.98 mg/d) linearly increased in normotensive, pre-hypertensive and hypertensive females, with a p value of 0.008. Serum UA levels in the quartiles were positively correlated with DBP (p<0.05), particularly in females. After adjusting for age, gender, body mass index (BMI), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of pre-hypertension from the lowest (referent) to the highest levels of serum UA were 1.718 (1.028-2.872), 1.018 (0.627-1.654) and 1.738 (1.003-3.010). Additionally, the second quartile of serum UA levels were significantly associated with hypertension, with an OR (95% CI) of 2.036 (1.256-3.298). Conclusions This study suggests that higher serum UA levels are positively associated with pre-hypertension and hypertension among Chinese adults.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Prehypertension , Hypertension , Uric Acid , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors
5.
Arch. méd. Camaguey ; 25(1): e7707, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1152913

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Fundamento: un tercio del total de muertes que ocurren en el mundo, por enfermedades no transmisibles, se deben a las enfermedades cardiovasculares que constituyen la primera causa de muerte a nivel mundial y en Cuba. Objetivo: caracterizar la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares en Cuba ocurridas en el período 2009-2018. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico. Se utilizaron los anuarios estadísticos, publicados por el Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba y la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10). Se consideraron las tasas de mortalidad por enfermedades del corazón y su comportamiento por provincias, así como, las tasas de mortalidad por enfermedades del sistema circulatorio y su distribución por grupo de edades. Las tasas usadas fueron las brutas. Resultados: en Cuba las enfermedades del sistema circulatorio aportan una tasa de mortalidad entre 299,4 y 360,0 por 100 000 habitantes con tendencia al incremento. Las tasas de mortalidad para las enfermedades del corazón y de las arterias, arteriolas y vasos capilares, desde el año 2009 hasta el 2018, fueron superiores en los hombres. En cuanto a las enfermedades cerebrovasculares excedieron en las mujeres, excepto en los años 2014, 2016-2018. En el año 2013 y 2015 fueron muy similares para ambos sexos. Dentro de las enfermedades cardiovasculares las del corazón aportaron más años de vida perdidos, secundadas por las cerebrovasculares y en menor magnitud las de las arterias, arteriolas y vasos capilares. Conclusiones: las enfermedades cardiovasculares son un grave problema de salud por lo cual se hace necesario accionar sobre las causas que las originan, para ganar en la percepción de riesgo cardiovascular, en la responsabilidad de cada persona y en el auto cuidado de la salud.


ABSTRACT Background: a third of the total deaths that occur in the world, due to non-transmissible diseases, are due to cardiovascular diseases. They constitute the first cause of death worldwide and in Cuba. Objective: to characterize the mortality from cardiovascular diseases in Cuba that occurred in the period 2009-2018. Methods: an ecological study was carried out. Statistical yearbooks published by the Cuban Ministry of Public Health and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) were used. Mortality rates from heart diseases and their behavior by provinces were considered, as well as mortality rates from diseases of the circulatory system and their distribution by age group. The rates used were gross. Results: in Cuba, diseases of the circulatory system provide a mortality rate between 299.4 and 360.0 per 100 000 inhabitants with a tendency to increase. Mortality rates for diseases of the heart and arteries, arterioles, and capillaries, from 2009 to 2018, were higher in men. Regarding stroke diseases, they exceeded in women, except in the years 2014, 2016-2018. In 2013 and 2015 they were very similar for both sexes. Within cardiovascular diseases, heart diseases contributed more potentially lost years of life, supported by stroke diseases and to a lesser extent those of arteries, arterioles and capillaries. Conclusions: cardiovascular diseases continue to be a serious health problem, which is why it is necessary to act on the causes that cause them, gaining in the perception of cardiovascular risk and in the responsibility, of each person, in the self-care of the health.

7.
Rev. argent. cardiol ; 87(3): 203-209, mayo 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057343

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Introducción: El comienzo de los estudios universitarios está asociado a cambios en el estilo de vida que pueden predisponer a la aparición de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de FRCV en los estudiantes que en 2017 cursaron el primer año de la carrera de Medicina en la Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico, de corte transversal. Se realizó el muestreo consecutivo de 463 estudiantes de primer año de Medicina. Los FRCV considerados fueron los siguientes: IMC (sobrepeso/obesidad), circunferencia de cintura (criterios IDF), tensión arterial (presión arterial limítrofe y HTA), actividad física (nivel bajo), consumo de tabaco (exfumador y fumador actual), consumo de alcohol (consumo excesivo ocasional) y calidad de la dieta (poco saludable y mejorable). Los resultados se expresaron en porcentajes. Se realizó una prueba de hipótesis para la diferencia de proporciones, para determinar diferencias según sexo (α = 0,05 e IC del 95%). Resultados: Se evaluaron 457 estudiantes (18-21 años), 68% eran de sexo femenino. La prevalencia de presión arterial limítrofe fue significativamente mayor en varones (28,9%). La misma tendencia se observó para HTA. El 23% presentó exceso de peso y 18% circunferencia de cintura elevada, sin diferencias entre sexos. El 17% fumaban o fumaron en el pasado. El consumo de alcohol excesivo ocasional fue mayor en los varones, mientras que un bajo nivel de actividad física fue superior en las mujeres. Conclusión: La mayoría de los estudiantes presentaba al menos un FRCV. Se destaca la elevada prevalencia de varones con tensión arterial limítrofe y con HTA, y el exceso de peso en ambos sexos. La calidad de la dieta necesita cambios en la mayoría de los estudiantes.


ABSTRACT Background: The beginning of university studies is usually associated with lifestyle changes, which can predispose to the development of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CVRF in first-year medical students attending Universidad Nacional del Litoral during 2017. Methods: We conducted an analytical, cross-sectional study with consecutive sampling of 463 first-year students of the School of Medicine. The following CVRF were considered: body mass index (overweight/obesity), waist circumference (International Diabetes Federation criteria), blood pressure (bordeline blood pressure and hypertension), physical activity (low level), tobacco use (current smoker or history of former smoking), alcohol intake (binge drinking) and diet quality (unhealthy and unhealthy but manageable). The results were expressed as percentages. A hypothesis test was performed to determine a difference in proportions according to sex (α=0.05 and 95% CI. Results: A total of 457 students (18-21 years) were evaluated; 68% were women. The prevalence of borderline blood pressure and hypertension was significantly greater in men (28.9%). Overweight was present in 23% of the students and 18% had high waist circumference, without differences between sexes. The prevalence of current smoking or former smoking was present in 17% of the students. Binge drinking was more common in men, while the prevalence of physical inactivity was more frequent in women. Conclusion: Most students had at least one CVRF. The high prevalence of men with borderline blood pressure and hypertension and overweight in both sexes is emphasized. Most students have to change the diet quality.

8.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 112(3): 260-268, Mar. 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-989331

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background: Ideal Cardiovascular (CV) Health is characterized by four ideal lifestyle parameters and absence of cardiovascular risk factors. The prevalence of ideal CV health in the Amazon Basin and the influence of job strain on CV health in this setting are uncertain. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of ideal CV health and its relationship with job strain in a secluded area from a developing country. Methods: Job strain was evaluated in 478 employees from an university in the Amazon Basin by a questionnaire that classified participants as passive, active, low or high strain, according to the demand-control model. CV health was evaluated using the American Heart Association 7 health factors (diet, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), smoking, hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia). Participants were classified as having ideal, intermediate or poor CV health. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The mean age was 44.3 ± 12 years, 65% were men, and 35% were faculty. No participant fulfilled the criteria for ideal CV health. Intermediate CV health was found in 44 (9%) and poor in 434 (91%) individuals. Considering low strain as a reference group, individuals classified as high strain, active and passive had a non-significant (p > 0.05) increase in the chances of having poor CV health. When adjusting for possible confounders, high job strain was associated with poor BMI (> 30 kg/m2), (OR 2.11, 95%CI 1.06-4.22; p = 0.034) and poor diet (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.29-4.13; p = 0.005). Conclusion: Job strain was not associated with cardiovascular health, but high job strain was related to obesity and poor diet. Given the high prevalence of poor CV health and lack of participants with ideal CV health, policies focusing on health education and lifestyle interventions are paramount to this population.


Resumo Fundamento: Saúde cardiovascular (CV) ideal é caracterizada por quatro parâmetros de estilo de vida ideal e ausência de fatores de risco CV. A prevalência da saúde CV ideal na Bacia Amazônica e sua relação com estresse no trabalho é desconhecida. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência da saúde CV ideal e sua relação com o estresse no trabalho em uma área isolada de um país em desenvolvimento. Métodos: O estresse no trabalho foi avaliado em 478 funcionários de uma universidade na Bacia Amazônica através de um questionário validado que classificou os participantes como passivos, ativos, baixa tensão ou alta tensão no trabalho, de acordo com o modelo de demanda e controle. A saúde CV foi avaliada usando os 7 parâmetros usados pela American Heart Association (dieta, atividade física, IMC, tabagismo, hipertensão, diabetes e hipercolesterolemia). Os participantes foram classificados em saúde CV ideal, intermediária ou ruim. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% (p < 0,05). Resultados: A idade média foi de 44,3 ± 12 anos, 65% eram homens e 35% eram professores. Nenhum participante preencheu os critérios de saúde CV ideal. A saúde CV intermediária foi encontrada em 44 (9%) e ruim em 434 (91%) dos entrevistados. Considerando a baixa tensão como grupo de referência, indivíduos classificados como de alta tensão, ativos e passivos tiveram um aumento não significativo (p > 0,05) nas chances de ter saúde CV ruim. Ao ajustar para possíveis fatores de confusão, a alta tensão no trabalho foi associada à obesidade (IMC > 30 kg/m2): OR 2,11 (IC 95% 1,06-4,22; p = 0,034) e dieta inadequada: OR 2,31 (IC 95%: 1,29-4,13 p = 0,005). Conclusão: Não houve associação entre saúde CV e estresse no trabalho, mas a obesidade e a má alimentação foram relacionadas à alta tensão. Dada a alta prevalência de saúde CV ruim e ausência de participantes com saúde CV ideal, as políticas voltadas para a educação em saúde e as intervenções de estilo de vida são primordiais para essa população.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Health Personnel/psychology , Workplace/psychology , Occupational Diseases/epidemiology , Blood Pressure/physiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Body Mass Index , Health Status , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Risk Factors
10.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 52(supl.2): 3s, 2018. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-979046

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To examine the factors associated with hospital use and their frequency in a nationally representative sample of the Brazilian population aged 50 years or older. METHODS Data from the baseline of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil), conducted in 2015-2016, were used. Predisposing, enabling and need factors for the use of health services were considered. The analyzes were based on the Hurdle regression model and on estimates of population attributable risks. RESULTS Among 9,389 participants, 10.2% had been hospitalized in the previous 12 months. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) were observed for need factors (previous medical diagnosis for chronic diseases and limitation to perform basic activities of daily living) and for enabling factors (living in a rural area and in the North and Midwest regions of the country). The analysis of population attributable risks (PAR) showed a hierarchy of the need factors for the occurrence of hospitalizations, with higher contributions by stroke (PAR = 10.7%) and cardiovascular disease (PAR = 10.0%), followed by cancer (PAR = 8.9%), difficulty to perform basic activities of daily living (PAR = 6.8%), depression (PAR = 5.5%), diabetes (PAR = 4.4% ) and hypertension (PAR = 2.2%). CONCLUSIONS Four of the major diseases associated with hospitalizations (stroke, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension) are part of the Brazilian list of primary care-sensitive hospitalizations. These results show that there is a window of opportunity to reduce unnecessary hospitalizations among older Brazilian adults through effective primary care actions.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Examinar os fatores associados à ocorrência e à frequência de hospitalizações em amostra nacional representativa da população brasileira com 50 anos ou mais. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil), conduzido em 2015-2016. Considerou-se fatores predisponentes, facilitadores e de necessidade para o uso de serviços de saúde. As análises foram baseadas no modelo de regressão Hurdle e em estimativas de riscos atribuíveis populacionais. RESULTADOS Entre 9.389 participantes, 10,2% foram hospitalizados nos 12 meses precedentes. Após ajustes por potenciais variáveis de confusão, associações estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,05) foram observadas para fatores de necessidade (história de diagnóstico médico para doenças crônicas e limitação para realizar atividades básicas de vida diária) e para fatores facilitadores (residência em zona rural e nas regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste do país). A análise dos riscos atribuíveis populacionais (RAP) mostrou uma hierarquização dos fatores de necessidade para a ocorrência de hospitalizações, com maiores contribuições do acidente vascular cerebral (RAP = 10,7%) e da doença cardiovascular (RAP = 10,0%), seguidos do câncer (RAP = 8,9%), da limitação para realizar atividades básicas da vida diária (RAP = 6,8%), da depressão (RAP = 5,5%), do diabetes (RAP = 4,4%) e da hipertensão (RAP = 2,2%). CONCLUSÕES Quatro entre as principais doenças associadas às hospitalizações (acidente vascular cerebral, doença cardiovascular, diabetes e hipertensão) fazem parte da lista brasileira de internações sensíveis à atenção primária. Esses resultados mostram que existe uma janela de oportunidades para a redução de hospitalizações desnecessárias entre adultos brasileiros mais velhos por meio de ações efetivas da atenção primária.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Longitudinal Studies , Middle Aged
11.
Radiol. bras ; 50(3): 182-189, May-June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-896084

ABSTRACT

Abstract The coronary artery calcium score plays an Important role In cardiovascular risk stratification, showing a significant association with the medium- or long-term occurrence of major cardiovascular events. Here, we discuss the following: protocols for the acquisition and quantification of the coronary artery calcium score by multidetector computed tomography; the role of the coronary artery calcium score in coronary risk stratification and its comparison with other clinical scores; its indications, interpretation, and prognosis in asymptomatic patients; and its use in patients who are symptomatic or have diabetes.


Resumo O escore de cálcio coronariano tem papel relevante na estratificação de risco cardiovascular, apresentando significativa associação com a ocorrência de eventos cardiovasculares maiores no acompanhamento de médio e longo prazo. São discutidos: os protocolos de aquisição e quantificação por meio da tomografia computadorizada multidetectores; seu papel na estratificação de risco coronariano e relação com os demais escores clínicos; suas indicações, interpretação e prognóstico em pacientes assintomáticos; sua utilização em pacientes sintomáticos e em diabéticos.

12.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 51: 117, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-903172

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of air pollution on hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the largest Brazilian metropolis. METHODS This study was carried out at the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. Environmental data were obtained from the network of monitoring stations of nine municipalities. Air pollution exposure was measured by daily means of PM10 (particles with a nominal mean aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm) per municipality, while daily counts of hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases within the Brazilian Unified Health System were the outcome. For each municipality a time series analysis was carried out in which a semiparametric Poisson regression model was the framework to explain the daily fluctuations on counts of hospitalizations over time. The results were combined in a meta-analysis to estimate the overall risk of PM10 in hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases at the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. RESULTS Regarding hospitalizations for respiratory diseases, the effect estimates were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for all municipalities, except Santo André and Taboão da Serra. The RR (Relative Risk) of this outcome for an increase of 10 µg/m3 in the levels of PM10 ranged from 1.011 (95%CI 1.009-1.013) for São Paulo to 1.032 (95%CI 1.024-1.040) in São Bernardo do Campo. The RR of hospitalization for respiratory diseases in children for an increase of 10 µg/m3 of PM10 ranged from 1.009 (95%CI 1.001-1.017) in Santo André to 1.077 (95%CI 1.056-1.098) in Mauá. Only São Paulo and São Bernardo do Campo presented positive and statistically significant results for hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to estimate the risk of illness from air pollution in the set of municipalities of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. Global estimates of the effect of exposure to pollution in the region indicated associations only with respiratory diseases. Only São Paulo and São Bernardo do Campo showed an association between the levels of PM10 and hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar o impacto da poluição do ar na maior metrópole brasileira sobre as internações por doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS Foi realizado estudo com dados das estações de monitoramento de nove municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, tendo o PM10 como indicador de poluição e as internações por doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares como indicadores de efeito. Para cada município foi realizada uma análise de séries temporais usando modelos explicativos para contagens de internações ao longo do tempo via regressão de Poisson semi-paramétrica. Os resultados foram combinados em uma meta-análise de modo a estimar o risco global do PM10 na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. RESULTADOS Todos os municípios apresentaram estimativas estatisticamente significantes para as hospitalizações por doenças respiratórias com exceção de Santo André e Taboão da Serra. Os riscos relativos de admissão hospitalar para um aumento de 10 µg/m3 nos níveis de PM10 variaram de 1,011 (IC95% 1,009-1,013) para São Paulo a 1,032 (IC95% 1,024-1,040) em São Bernardo do Campo, para doenças respiratórias totais. O risco de internação por doenças respiratórias em crianças variou de 1,009 (IC95% 1,001-1,017) em Santo André a 1,077 (IC95% 1,056-1,098) em Mauá. Somente São Paulo e São Bernardo do Campo apresentaram resultados positivos e estatisticamente significantes para internações por doenças cardiovasculares. CONCLUSÕES Esse é o primeiro estudo a estimar o risco de adoecimento devido à poluição do ar no conjunto de municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. As estimativas globais do efeito da exposição à poluição na região indicaram associações somente com as doenças respiratórias. Apenas São Paulo e de São Bernardo do Campo mostraram associação entre os níveis de PM10 e as internações por doenças cardiovasculares.


Subject(s)
Humans , Respiratory Tract Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Seasons , Time Factors , Urban Population , Brazil/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Cities/epidemiology , Risk Assessment , Air Pollution/analysis , Particulate Matter
13.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 51: 91, 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-903263

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study has been to analyze whether fine particulate matter (PM2.5), as well as its synergistic effect with maximum temperature, humidity, and seasons, is associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. METHODS This is an ecological study of time series. We have used as outcomes the daily death and hospitalization records of adults aged 45 years and over from 2009 to 2011 of the municipalities of Cuiabá and Várzea Grande, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. We have used Poisson regression using generalized additive models, assuming a significance level of 5%. The model has been controlled for temporal trend, seasonality, average temperature, humidity, and season effects. Daily concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate material with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micrometers) have been obtained by converting the values of optical aerosol thickness. Maximum temperature, humidity, and seasons have been separately included in the model as dummy variables for the analysis of the synergistic effect of PM2.5 with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. We have calculated the percentage increase of relative risk (%RR) of deaths and hospitalizations for the linear increase of 10 μg/m3 of PM2.5. RESULTS Between 2009 and 2011, the increase in PM2.5 was associated with a %RR 2.28 (95%CI 0.53-4.06) for hospitalizations on the same day of exposure and RR% 3.57 (95%CI 0.82-6.38) for deaths with a lag of three days. On hot days, %RR 4.90 (95%CI -0.61-9.38) was observed for deaths. No modification of the effect of PM2.5 was observed for maximum temperature in relation to hospitalizations. On days with low humidity, %RR was 5.35 (95%CI -0.20-11.22) for deaths and 2.71 (95%CI -0.39-5.92) for hospitalizations. In the dry season, %RR was 2.35 (95%CI 0.59-4.15) for hospitalizations and 3.43 (95%CI 0.58-6.35) for deaths. CONCLUSIONS The PM2.5 is associated with morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases and its effects may be potentiated by heat and low humidity and during the dry season.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar se o material particulado fino (PM2,5), bem como seu efeito sinérgico com a temperatura máxima, a umidade e as estações do ano estão associados à morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico de séries temporais. Foram utilizados como desfechos os registros diários de óbito e internação em adultos com 45 anos ou mais de idade para os anos de 2009 a 2011 nos municípios de Cuiabá e Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Utilizou-se regressão de Poisson via modelos aditivos generalizados, assumindo-se um nível de significância de 5%. O modelo foi controlado para tendência temporal, sazonalidade, temperatura média, umidade e efeitos de calendário. Concentrações diárias de PM2,5 (material particulado com diâmetro aerodinâmico inferior a 2,5 micrômetros) foram obtidas por meio da conversão dos valores da espessura ótica de aerossóis. Temperatura máxima, umidade e estações do ano foram incluídas separadamente ao modelo como variáveis indicadoras para análise do efeito sinérgico do PM2,5 com a morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares. Foi calculado o aumento percentual de risco relativo (%RR) dos óbitos e internações para o aumento linear de 10 μg/m3 de PM2,5. RESULTADOS Entre 2009 e 2011, o aumento de PM2,5 foi associado a um %RR 2,28 (IC95% 0,53-4,06) para internações no mesmo dia de exposição e %RR 3,57 (IC95% 0,82-6,38) para óbitos com uma defasagem de três dias. Em dias quentes, observou-se %RR 4,90 (IC95% -0,61-9,38) para óbitos. Não foi observada modificação de efeito do PM2,5 pela temperatura máxima relacionada as internações. Em dias com baixa umidade, o %RR foi 5,35 (IC95% -0,20-11,22) para óbitos e 2,71 (IC95% -0,39-5,92) para internações. Na estação seca, o %RR foi 2,35 (IC95% 0,59-4,15) para internações e 3,43 (IC95% 0,58-6,35) para óbitos. CONCLUSÕES O PM2,5 está associado à morbimortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares e seus efeitos podem ser potencializados pelo calor, pela baixa umidade e durante a estação seca.


Subject(s)
Humans , Seasons , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Reference Values , Temperature , Risk Factors , Risk Assessment , Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects , Air Pollutants/chemistry , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Particulate Matter/chemistry , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Humidity , Middle Aged
14.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 50: 4, 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-962202

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity of children and adults in the city of Vitoria, state of Espirito Santo. METHODS A study was carried out using time-series models via Poisson regression from hospitalization and pollutant data in Vitoria, ES, Southeastern Brazil, from 2001 to 2006. Fine particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3) were tested as independent variables in simple and cumulative lags of up to five days. Temperature, humidity and variables indicating weekdays and city holidays were added as control variables in the models. RESULTS For each increment of 10 µg/m3 of the pollutants PM10, SO2, and O3, the percentage of relative risk (%RR) for hospitalizations due to total respiratory diseases increased 9.67 (95%CI 11.84-7.54), 6.98 (95%CI 9.98-4.17) and 1.93 (95%CI 2.95-0.93), respectively. We found %RR = 6.60 (95%CI 9.53-3.75), %RR = 5.19 (95%CI 9.01-1.5), and %RR = 3.68 (95%CI 5.07-2.31) for respiratory diseases in children under the age of five years for PM10, SO2, and O3, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases showed a significant relationship with O3, with %RR = 2.11 (95%CI 3.18-1.06). CONCLUSIONS Respiratory diseases presented a stronger and more consistent relationship with the pollutants researched in Vitoria. A better dose-response relationship was observed when using cumulative lags in polynomial distributed lag models.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o impacto da poluição atmosférica na morbidade respiratória e cardiovascular de crianças e adultos em Vitória. MÉTODOS Foi realizado estudo utilizando modelos de séries temporais via regressão de Poisson a partir de dados de hospitalizações e poluentes em Vitória, ES, de 2001 a 2006. Foram testadas como variáveis independentes o material particulado fino (PM10); o dióxido de enxofre (SO2) e o ozônio (O3) em defasagem simples e acumulada até cinco dias. Introduziu-se temperatura, umidade e variáveis indicadoras dos dias da semana e feriados da cidade como variáveis de controle nos modelos. RESULTADOS Para cada incremento de 10 µg/m3 dos poluentes PM10, SO2 e O3, foram observados aumentos no risco relativo percentual (RR%) para as hospitalizações por doenças respiratórias totais de 9,67 (IC95% 11,84-7,54), 6,98 (IC95% 9,98-4,17) e 1,93 (IC95% 2,95-0,93), respectivamente. Encontrou-se RR% = 6,60 (IC95% 9,53-3,75), RR% = 5,19 (IC95% 9,01-1,5) e RR% = 3,68 (IC95% 5,07-2,31) para doenças respiratórias em menores de cinco anos para o PM10, SO2 e O3, respectivamente. As doenças cardiovasculares apresentaram relação significativa com o O3 com RR% = 2,11 (IC95% 3,18-1,06). CONCLUSÕES As doenças respiratórias apresentaram relação mais forte e consistente com os poluentes pesquisados em Vitória. Observou-se melhor relação dose-resposta quando se utilizou defasagens acumuladas em modelos de distribuição polinomial.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Respiratory Tract Diseases/chemically induced , Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced , Air Pollutants/toxicity , Air Pollution/adverse effects , Particulate Matter/toxicity , Respiratory Tract Diseases/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Poisson Distribution , Urban Health/statistics & numerical data , Air Pollutants/analysis , Air Pollution/analysis , Particulate Matter/analysis , Hospitalization
15.
Rev. saúde pública ; 47(supl.2): 79-86, jun. 2013. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-688077

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: O artigo descreve as estratégias do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) para a manutenção da adesão dos participantes ao longo do tempo e seu seguimento adequado. Isto é fundamental para garantir a validade interna de estudos longitudinais e identificar, investigar e classificar os desfechos incidentes de interesse. MÉTODOS: A metodologia de seguimento da coorte combina contatos telefônicos anuais com re-exames e entrevistas a cada três ou quatro anos. O objetivo é identificar desfechos incidentes de natureza transitória, reversíveis ou não; desfechos finais, de natureza irreversível; bem como complicações relacionadas à evolução das doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes, principais doenças estudadas. RESULTADOS: As entrevistas telefônicas visam monitorar a saúde dos participantes e identificar possíveis eventos ocorridos, como internações hospitalares, exames ou procedimentos especializados definidos previamente. O participante também é incentivado a comunicar a ocorrência de algum evento de saúde ao Centro de Pesquisa. A partir da identificação de um potencial evento, é iniciado um processo de investigação, que inclui acesso a prontuários médicos para verificação de datas e informações detalhadas sobre aquele evento. Os documentos obtidos são analisados sem identificação do paciente, profissional ou serviço de saúde e classificados por um comitê de especialistas médicos. A classificação de desfechos incidentes adotada baseia-se em critérios internacionais consagrados, garantindo comparabilidade e reduzindo o erro de classificação deles. Além dessas estratégias, a ocorrência de desfechos ...


OBJECTIVE: The article describes the strategies adopted by the Brazilian Longitudinal Study for Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) for participation and retention of subjects. This is key to ensure internal validity of longitudinal studies, and to identify, investigate, and ascertain outcomes of interest. METHODS: The follow-up strategies include annual telephone contacts with new assessments and interviews every three to four years this approach aims to identify transient outcomes (reversible or not), permanent outcomes as well as complications related to the progression of major diseases - cardiovascular diseases and diabetes - to be studied. RESULTS: Telephone interviews are designed to monitor subjects' health status and to identify potential health-related events such as hospital admissions, medical visits or pre-selected medical procedures. Subjects are also encouraged to report to the ELSA-Brasil team any new health-related events. When a potential event is identified, a thorough investigation is carried out to collect relevant information about that event from medical records. All data are blinded and reviewed and analyzed by a medical expert committee. Incident outcome ascertainment follows well-established international criteria to ensure data comparability and avoid misclassification. In addition to these strategies, the occurrence of health-related events is also investigated through linkage of secondary databases, such as national mortality and hospital admission databases. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate identification of outcomes will allow to estimating their incidence in the study cohort and to investigate the effect of the exposures studied in the ELSA-Brasil at baseline and at its subsequent waves. .


Subject(s)
Adult , Humans , Cardiovascular Diseases/complications , Diabetes Complications , Longitudinal Studies/methods , Multicenter Studies as Topic , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Brazil , Chronic Disease , Interviews as Topic , Longitudinal Studies/standards
16.
Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences ; : 27-34, 2012.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-627959

ABSTRACT

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) was the second leading cause of death in Malaysia in 2006. CHD has known risk factors including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among 260 participants aged 20 to 65 years in a rural community in Sarawak. Results: The prevalences of overweight and obesity in this study were 39.6% and 11.9%, respectively. Approximately 13% of participants had hypertension, and 1.5% had a random blood sugar greater than 11.1 mmol/L. Chi-square tests showed significant associations between obesity and gender (P = 0.007), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and race (P = 0.05), high total cholesterol and age (P = 0.007), age and hypertension (P = 0.011), smoking and gender (P 45 years) were 0.395 times more likely to have high cholesterol and that those with a higher monthly household income (> RM830) were 2.471 times more likely to smoke. Conclusion: These findings indicate that we should be concerned about the high rates of overweight in this rural community to prevent obesity.

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